Tabula Rasa (The Descriptions of...)

Tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate) refers to the epistemological thesis that individual human beings are born with no innate or built-in mental content, in a word, "blank", and that their entire resource of knowledge is built up gradually from their experiences and sensory perceptions of the outside world.

Generally proponents of the tabula rasa thesis favor the "nurture" side of the nature versus nurture debate, when it comes to aspects of one's personality, social and emotional behavior, and intelligence.

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Tabula rasa (dari bahasa Latin kertas kosong) merujuk pada pandangan epistemologi bahwa seorang manusia lahir tanpa isi mental bawaan, dengan kata lain "kosong", dan seluruh sumber pengetahuan diperoleh sedikit demi sedikit melalui pengalaman dan persepsi alat inderanya terhadap dunia di luar dirinya.

Umumnya para pendukung pandangan tabula rasa akan melihat bahwa pengalamanlah yang berpengaruh terhadap kepribadian, perilaku sosial dan emosional, serta kecerdasan.

Gagasan mengenai teori ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh pendapat John Locke di abad 17. Dalam filosofi Locke, tabula rasa adalah teori bahwa pikiran (manusia) ketika lahir berupa "kertas kosong" tanpa aturan untuk memroses data, dan data yang ditambahkan serta aturan untuk memrosesnya dibentuk hanya oleh pengalaman alat inderanya. Pendapat ini merupakan inti dari empirisme Lockean. Anggapan Locke, tabula rasa berarti bahwa pikiran individu "kosong" saat lahir, dan juga ditekankan tentang kebebasan individu untuk mengisi jiwanya sendiri. Setiap individu bebas mendefinisikan isi dari karakternya - namun identitas dasarnya sebagai umat manusia tidak bisa ditukar. Dari asumsi tentang jiwa yang bebas dan ditentukan sendiri serta dikombinasikan dengan kodrat manusia inilah lahir doktrin Lockean tentang apa yang disebut alami.

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In Western philosophy, traces of the idea that came to be called the tabula rasa appear as early as the writings of Aristotle:

What the mind thinks must be in it in the same sense as letters are on a tablet (grammateion) which bears no actual writing (grammenon); this is just what happens in the case of the mind. (Aristotle, On the Soul, 3.4.430a1).

Aristotle writes of the unscribed tablet in what is probably the first textbook of psychology in the Western canon, his treatise Περι Ψυχης (De Anima or On the Soul). However, besides some arguments by the Stoics and Peripatetics, the Aristotelian notion of the mind as a blank slate went much unnoticed for more than 1,000 years.

But the human intellect, which is the lowest in the order of intellects and the most removed from the perfection of the Divine intellect, is in potency with regard to things intelligible, and is at first "like a clean tablet on which nothing is written", as the Philosopher [Aristotle] says. (Aquinas, Summa Theologica 1.79.2).

In the 11th century, the concept of tabula rasa was developed more clearly by the Persian philosopher, Ibn Sina (known as "Avicenna" in the Western world). He argued that the "human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know" and that knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" which is developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning; observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts." He further argued that the intellect itself "possesses levels of development from the material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulani), that potentiality that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-‘aql al-fa‘il), the state of the human intellect at conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge."